Davis’ argument against slavery causing the civil war Essay

As president of the Confederate States of America, I maintain that slavery was not why the South seceded from the Union. We Southerners seceded because the federal government was becoming increasingly pro-Northern in its views and imposing on our sovereign rights. Slavery was legal, yet the government threatened this institution and paid increasingly less heed to our rights. Just as the United States broke free from a British crown that overstepped its authority, the Confederacy formed to protect itself against an intrusive government under Northern sway. In addition, I am aware that many of our soldiers were not slaveholders; indeed, Southerners did not take up arms in order to defend slavery. Men who loved their homes, valued their freedom, and feared a Northern invasion and imposition on their rights formed the Confederate Army. No Southern soldier took up arms to help a slaveholder; many shouldered arms to fend off invasion by a people whose views opposed ours and who tried to coerce us into compliance with their ideals (Wikipedia). We also seceded because we wished to maintain our prosperity, which is a sacred right of Americans. Our economic and social system is the source of our vast wealth, and the Constitution grants us the right to defend it. The federal government favored Northern industry and legislated against us, which would have reduced us to poverty and placed the South in deep economic crisis. Our soil was becoming depleted and our plantations too numerous to be confined to its existing territory, and the federal government insisted on restricting where we could maintain our system, instead of allowing the people to decide (McPherson 78-116). We were not rebels against the federal government, since there was no concrete law binding us to the Northern states. The United States began as merely an association of sovereign states and the Southern states were not obligated to remain. REFERENCES Anonymous. â€Å"American Civil War. † Wikipedia. 8 November 2005. . Causes of the Civil War. † The American Civil War. 8 November 2005. . McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Information Literacy for Open Distance Learners Essay

â€Å"Children must be taught how to think, not what to think.† ―Margaret Mead. In this fast moving world education is has become an essential things in human life. And today the technology has evolved so much that information is just a touch away. Narrowing down the technology development to the education nowadays, the students face challenges due to the movement of the technology and communication. The competition has become closer whereby they need to prove themselves to the world especially the distance learners. To ensure they are doing so, the study skills and information literacy applied thorough out their education is essential. Study skills are the abilities that are used by students for learning. It  will help the student to identify their weakness and to brush up on the weakness so as to progress on their learning. Being said so; first the students need to identify the study skills to be applied which will be discussed further below. On the other hand, information literacy also a crucial point for this 21st century. Broadly defined, information literacy is a set of abilities whereby person recognizes when information is needed and how to reach out to the information. This has become important since nowadays there are abundance of information choices – print, image, sound and spatial. It is exactly the opposite of lack of information – one having too much information. The pitfalls and the current information environment by students has been clearly described by Lorie Roth: â€Å"With the explosion of information generated and stored, the unregulated sprawl of the Internet, the shift from a print- to an image-based culture, the development of sound and video archives, and the ease of seemingly infinite reproduction of words and pictures through electronic media, the pitfalls for college students have multiplied geometrically. There is so much information, so much of it of doubtful quality, so accessible through so many different platforms† (Roth, 1999, p. 42). 2.0 Skills Required i. Management Skills Prospective graduates must possess management skills. Through these skills, employers will assess whether the graduate is able to arrange something that will be entrusted to him. In fact, the employer will also ensure that graduates are able to either do the work efficiently and productively, to guarantee the quality of work as well as at the desired level. In these management skills, very important thing also is time management. The ability to manage well, especially in deciding to do the work that needs to be given priority and focus should be resolved over time will also be taken into account by the employer. Good management skills are a bonus for an organization that not only have employees who are able and efficient in  doing their assignment, but also to guarantee the production of quality work, but is capable of satisfying customers. ii. Information Technology Skill Information technology (IT) has changed the way we work (economic aspects), communication (social aspects), and thinking (psychological aspects). Although Malaysia has not yet reached the status of information society, we are already feeling the heat and turbulence of the Information Age. We cannot master the technology with the push of a computer button. We need to have the skills to access the information. Information literacy is a skill to do such things as identify and locate sources of information from reliable sources. After that, we need to assess the quality and organizing information correctly and to use that information effectively. One should understand the nature of information on various subjects or disciplines. Awareness of the existence of various types of reference sources and uses must be known. There are some good study skills and information literacy skill is to be learned by students in order to succeed in education. Those are time management skills and managing real tasks and responsibilities that the extent of distance learning students can use these skills to be discussed in class and team learning. And the third is the skill of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in line with current technology, distance education students have mastered the skills to learn independently through ICT. And the last is the skill of making reference to expand knowledge in a particular subject. iii. Leadership Skills In addition, leadership skills are also needed by future graduates. The success of a business or a rise and fall is based on leadership. This criterion is also very important to be dominated by undergraduates, as one of the few important skills to master. While future graduates will not continue to hold the highest office when venturing in the field of  employment, but they have shown potential as a leader, which can carry a given, next perform the task because of its leadership will be evaluated by the employer. They should also be able to demonstrate the potential to motivate and give impetus to a colleague who will be working with them soon. What is most important in this is the attitude of the leadership, graduates will need to know about the next assignment received perform assigned tasks, judge assignment deadlines and show leadership by giving good examples to others or other colleagues. Leadership skills have actually nurtured while studying at the university among prospect ive graduates, either directly or indirectly. iv. Manipulating Information Skills Manipulating information is one aspect of the main skills. In this case, students are not only able to identify the information to be sought after, but also able to collect, manage and manipulate the information so that the information can be used to meet the needs of learning. These skills must be mastered students so that students can obtain additional information on their studies. This is because students can not solely rely on the information provided by teachers. When students master the skills of information, meaning that students were able to identify learning resources, methods and techniques to get the information either through reference books, reference dictionary or reference through internet sources. Finally, learn how to master the skills either with or without the presence of the teacher, students are able to maximize efforts and optimize the acquisition of knowledge. At the same time, the acquisition of skills can help students learn how to use time effectively. Not only are students able to identify weaknesses and strengths in their own learning process and try to resolve it, but more importantly the students are able to make effective independent learning appropriate to emphasize aspects of lifelong learning by the Ministry of Education. v. Team working skills And skills that must be mastered by graduates and employers is desired Teamwork Skills. Competition is happening in the world job market among prospective graduates who have graduated over the years, resulting in many students who are difficult to get a job. Should the prospective graduates should use the situation to try to collect as many of the skills that should be used after the expiration learn later. Teamwork skills are different than individual work. Teamwork is required, working with more people, but in a group. Commitment is required in teamwork. One has to show he is a player in the team, as well as able and capable to manage and be representative of the responsibilities assigned. In addition, working in a team also demanded that someone be able and be able to build positive relationships with colleagues, as well as to help achieve the goals and objectives of the work undertaken, but also can improve the quality of work. Furthermore, the problems in employment impacts of each process are complex in nature and will involve a number of parts and systems. So logically, problem solving such cases is beyond the ability of the individual. Therefore, it is important for graduates to be able to master the skills of teamwork, so that they can do the job if asked to manage a business group. Disclosure provided or learned in the course of practical sessions should be used by undergraduates, for this practical session they will be exposed to the experience of teamwork and building relationships with others, the colleague. vi. Managing Stress Online courses may not necessarily increase or reduce your stress just because it is delivered online. We must consider our own sources of education-related stress when choosing to take online course. Online course might be suitable for those feel high stress from giving in-class presentations, where it can save them from the stress. However if using lap top and related technology makes you experience excessive stress, students might need to reconsider taking a course online, since most online courses rely exclusively on computer technology. Some strategies for managing course-related stress include: Knowing the deadline: Students need to know their course deadlines and also other important events occurring elsewhere in their life while you are enrolled in the course. Plan ahead. The students need to plan and do their course related activities ahead if they foresee their time being consumed by non course activity. With the technological resources, students should ask for help resources, and have them at hand when you are working on your coursework. Always keep in touch with their instructor. If at all they fall behind, should work together with the instructor to get back on track. vii. Balancing Responsibilities and Setting Priorities For successful online learning experience one has to able to balance the responsibility. Setting priority is the best benefit from online education. The students have to find out what is expected from them at the beginning of the course and plan ahead. Certainly one will have more things to fulfill than they have the time to complete them. During this time students need to determine which course activity is important and focus on those. They should not hesitate to ask for advice from their instructor. viii. Using Search Engines Even though library and catalogue can provide direction and access to scholarly information, the Web itself is a storehouse for billions of documents. For reasons outlined below, one needs to look into information in books and journals first since they go through quality control measures before they are published. However the can also reveal thousands of potentially useful information that’s related to the research.oHhhhesdkkmHO 3.0 Suggestions Based on the skills needed by future graduates as found above, it is necessary for the future graduates themselves, with existing initiatives, in order to increase the equipment inside have those skills. In addition, the parties responsible as government bodies and educational institutions, low  or high to take steps and initiatives in order to prepare future graduates to face the challenges of globalization to compete career search, even comparable to the skilled manpower there are out there as well as expressed by other universities. Generally, prospective graduates and responsible parties should emphasize mastery Soft skills among student, because this skill is the inclusion of aspects of generic skills, the skills that are indispensable aspect in the globalized world of work. Compensation should be for future graduates to assess and meet the needs of an increasingly demanding job market. Furthermore, the technology changes at this time are very fast. Firstly, to carry out the plan of study that requires a schedule that is constantly reviewing and maintaining the schedule to follow in implementing the planning sorted by priority and keep a checklist of completed and outstanding tasks, for example in the information technology era high at the present time there are many options to make a study schedule effective as using a â€Å"smart phone† now has an application â€Å"Android† to schedule a lesson in the mobile phones of students, so students can create a memorial for the study of the set so much time in order to have students study schedule on the phone. Next, not all distance education students proficient in the use of ICT computer, internet portals and institutions. Therefore, students can pursue distance learning courses in ICT for control over the use of ICT. Most of these courses are always offered and can also learn on your own in the Internet network or buy the book for self-study. And the last suggestion is, not all students can master the skill of making a very important reference in learning, the intention is that the institution should give awareness to students of distance learning and briefed the importance of study skills are the skills which make reference to the success of a distance learning student said. Conclusion All the above mentioned skills are important for online learners. It will make the online learning effective. Early preparation is important and also  active participation in online learning such as forum. In general online learning needs the use if latest technology in order for the students to complete their studies. There are certain difficulties faced by students in using the technology such as virus, technical issues, internet traffic and henceforth. Therefore, the online learners do have the freedom to arrange their study by their own and which method to follow. This requires them to have all the skills that is stated above for them to continue the studies and achieve their goals. (Words : 2166) References Available Online : http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/how-students-develop-online-learning-skills Available Online : http://www.ucc.vt.edu/academic_support_students/online_study_skills_workshops/ Available Online : http://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2012/01/13/4-time-management-tips-for-online-students Available Online : http://www.military.com/education/keys-to-success/study-skills-for-the-online-adult-learner.html

How to create a beautiful home design with low budget Essay

How to create a beautiful home design with low budget - Essay Example y, esthetic sense is really important when it comes to choosing decorating material, everything should appear impressive and for that a person has to have great taste and choice. The next important step is to take a walk around the home so as to determine which area to mainly focus upon, this is also very important because it is really difficult to cover all the areas especially when the funds available are very limited. Magazines and furniture stores can provide a lot of ideas with the help of which an ordinary looking home can look out of this world, it is very important to scroll through magazines to look for inspiration. Visiting furniture stores is also important because furniture can redefine the look of a house provided the right stuff is picked from the furniture store. Home dà ©cor items that already exist in the house should be paid attention to, it can either be sold if it is not fitting in too well or it can be modified and reinvented to make the house look better at absolutely no extra cost. Painting the walls in each room would definitely help and the whole process is inexpensive also, the right shade should be selected to make the house look better and it is also important to be unique and appealing to the senses. Colors can be mixed and matched suiting the needs of an individual and also depending on the choice of color of an individual. â€Å"Purchase neutral furniture pieces if you need new furniture so they will fit into any design or color changes in the room. Browse the clearance section of the furniture store for discounted pieces, or keep an eye on Craigslist for cheap used furniture that looks like new.† (Budgeting Money) Dressing up the furniture is the next important thing, matching pillows with the wall paint can be used so as to make it look really impressive, in addition to this new pillows complimenting the furniture can also be purchased, this will make the room look so much better and impressive. â€Å"Begin by buying a few lush

BUSINESS ETHICS ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUSINESS ETHICS ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example ny name, Kenneth Lay was made the Chief Executive Officer and he wanted to expand Enron’s market share as well as the type of markets Enron was in since he had a very different vision for the new shape of the company (Welch, 2005). Houston Natural Gas had previously been in the business of making their money from junk bonds which were also used in the formation of Enron. At the same time, Kenneth Lay wanted to become the biggest player in the energy sector through successful trade earnings from futures contracts (NPR, 2006). To his advantage, Spectrum 7, an oil-well concern welcomed a partnership with Enron a year after its creation. Spectrum 7 was headed by George W. Bush, son of the then-Vice President George H. W. Bush. With falling gas prices in the mid 1980’s, Enron and other gas firms vigorously lobbied for deregulation to get benefits for themselves (Thomas, 2002). It has been known for many years that ethically dubious political connections can help a business but such situations often come to light if the business is unsuccessful (Medawar, 1976). The deregulation action came into effect when buyers switched to the fuel oil as the cheaper alternative. Fluctuating gas prices allowed Enron to start marketing gas futures; securing gas prices at a later date promised to their stakeholders. Similarly, the company lobbied once again for electricity just before selling electric power futures contracts (NPR, 2006). From then on, Enron was aggressive in expanding its services in other sectors such as the water utility sector by creating a company named Azurix which partly collapsed on the NYSE in 1999 and finally shut down operations in 2001 (Thomas, 2002). Concurrently, Jeffery Skilling who had been hired in 1990 to lead the financial side of Enron’s operation became a major personality of the energy trading businesses and became the president and COO for Enron. He built wealth reserves for the company by trading in thirty different industries and was

The Use of Cloud Computing in Public Libraries Assignment

The Use of Cloud Computing in Public Libraries - Assignment Example However with the introduction of cloud computing in public libraries a lot changed in terms of management of systems and resources. The introduction of this technology in public libraries meant that there would be increased operational efficiency, effectiveness in the use of resources and cost savings that went a long way in developing other sectors of the library. Cloud computing: Background Cloud computing refers to a computing model and net necessarily technology in which clients plug into the â€Å"cloud† in order to access information technology resources that are priced and provided on demand. Simply stated the term cloud is synonymous to the internet. The term cloud computing thus is based on cloud drawings that were used in the past to represent telephone network and in much later times to represent the internet (Buyya, Broberg, & Goscinski, 2011, p. 10). Thus cloud computing is internet based computing where there exist virtual shared servers which provide software, i nfrastructure, platform, devices and other resources as well as hosting to clients on what is known as pay as you use basis. Information is digitized such that it is provided in the cloud to customers. Users or clients can access these services that are available on the internet cloud without having the ability to operate or manage the resources that are involved (Velte, Velte, & Elsenpeter, 2010, p. 25). Scholars thus argue that the advantage of this computing model is the flexibility that it offers organizations in terms of concentrating on the core business processes of the organization without having to invest their time in training or gaining knowledge in the use of these resources that are needed to manage their business resources (Buyya, Broberg, & Goscinski, 2011: Velte, Velte, & Elsenpeter, 2010). In cloud computing customers do not the physical infrastructure upon which information technology services are provided; rather the clients rent the usage from providers. This is seen as very important for organizations because of the reduction in the costs involved in setting up information technology infrastructure. Companies thus consume resources as a service and pay only for those resources for which they use. Most of the cloud computing infrastructures consist of services which are delivered through the common centres built on servers (Rittinghouse & Ransome, 2010, p. 15). Characteristics of cloud computing There are six distinct characteristics of cloud computing technology. First is on demand self-services and this means that computer services such as applications and emails can be provided without the need of human interaction with each of the service provider (W, 2009, p. 27). Secondly is broad network access such that cloud capabilities are availed through the network and can be accessed through the standard mechanisms through any end user terminal such as computers, phones or PDAs. Third is resource pooling such that the providers resources are p ooled together to serve a number of clients using the multiple-tenant model with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned in line with the consumer demand. These resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth and email services among others (Gong, 2010, p. 275). Fourth is rapid elasticity such that the cloud

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example After this paper, we will understand the goal of Miller to depict his charges to the country to be true and blatant. Background Death of a Salesman is a powerful drama that prosecutes the fundamental American values, in relation to the American Dream of material success. It may seem a little tame today due to constant individual self-analysis and critiques but it was relatively radical in its setting. America faced irreconcilable and insightful domestic tensions after the World War II. Although the war had apparently created an extraordinary sense of prosperity and security the American people, they became progressively caught in an apprehensive cold war with the Soviets. The spread of myths about a peaceful, regular and repulsively elated American life was strengthened by America’s relentless anxiety of the concept of Communism. America in general was not able afford social conformity and that the philosophical and cultural custom – booming and Last Name 3 prosperous l iving – championed. A Tragic Hero Major part of the play is told from the viewpoint of Willy, the protagonist in the story. The background of the protagonist life is shown in the analepsis – showing scenes in the present time with some characters on the stage and conversations only Willy knows about. His habit of talking to himself, pretending to have a conversation with his older son, Biff, concerns his younger son, Happy. In the opening of Act I, it is shown that Willy contradicts has a tendency of contradicting himself. He states that his son, Biff, is unsteady and very lazy but afterwards declares that Biff is anything but lazy. In these scenes, it gives the viewers a hint that Willy is his own paradox, which could have been caused by his aspirations in life and to his sons, particularly Biff. He is torn between achieving the American Dream of material success and his love for his sons, which is further explained in the story in the succeeding Acts. In so many ways , Willy has tried with his utmost might to achieve the American Dream. He acquires a home and a range of then-luxurious appliances. He raises his family and sails forth to into the business world with ambitions in exuberance. However, he has failed to achieve the fruits of the American Dream and passes the dream to his sons. Apparently, only Happy is the one fulfilling the so-called â€Å"Dream†. Biff tries so hard to buy the concept his father sells but it seems that he can only try so hard. He hops from one job to another, making him not able to steadily keep a 9-5 job. As a result, he ends up toiling lands and ranches, working with his bare hands to make a living, which for his father, is too far from what he has grasped from America’s sales pitch of the â€Å"American Dream.† In the play, this is beautifully portrayed through its structure – stream of consciousness. Willy Last Name 4 moves from one place to another in his house, with flashbacks of his past, and fantasizes conversations with different characters in the story. If the scene is in the present, the characters enter the room through the door in the left, abiding by the rules of the set. However, when the scene is about Willy’s visit of his past or his dreams, all of these rules don’t exist. Characters pass through the walls, making a dreamy atmosphere on the stage. This shows that the mental state of Willy deteriorates and his past and present moves in parallel to each

Is Othello a Man of Honor Infected with Psychological Imperfection Essay

Is Othello a Man of Honor Infected with Psychological Imperfection - Essay Example A former black slave, Othello, is rather hailed and appreciated by the society -which is supposed to enslave him- because of his military prowess. In a racially segregated society, he rises at the height of celebrated influence and takes the daughter of a socially established member as his wife. Keeping aside his past, he looks forwards and endeavors to be accepted by the society on his military prowess and credits. Yet in the clandestine corner of his mind, he feels insecure and remains isolated and alien in the society which he does not belong to racially. This very isolation of Othello in the society is vividly depicted in his own words in the last scene of the play. While killing himself, once he repeats how he killed a Turk with martial prowess: â€Å"Set you down this, / And say besides that in Aleppo once, / Where a malignant and a turbaned Turk / Beat a Venetian and traduced the state, / I took by th’ throat the circumcised dog / And smote him thus†. (Shakespear e V.ii.341-354) At the same time, by comparing his self-killing with the killing of a Turk, he powerfully articulates the fact that he will forever remain an outsider and an alien to the society. Deep down in the heart, he suffers from a type of inferiority complex which, on one hand, blindfolds him from Desdemona’s virtue and purity, and on the other hand, keeps him obsessed with the fear of being deserted by his love, Desdemona, a symbolic platform of passion and status in the society. Just like his suspicion for the society, his fear of being deserted by his love pushes to the verge of insanity. His bluster and pride rather fuel his obsession and fear. In spite of his love for Desdemona, he cannot believe that his wife, that paragon of virtue and purity, could have settled for him. Such a man’s love for his wife is necessarily entailed with his continual fear of being rejected and deceived by his society as well as his wife. Iago manipulates this very weakness and p sychological imperfections of Othello. Indeed in the play Iago’s Machiavellian presence is not the root but the crucial cause of Othello’s insanity. He is more of a trigger of the event than the sole reason of Othello’s insane-like condition. He plays on the protagonist’s insecurities and â€Å"trigger off an engulfing suspicion and jealousy of his wife's supposed infidelity, which culminates in him murdering her† (Hamlin 34). Whereas the psychological imperfections lie in Othello’s circumstance-driven psychic mould, it has successfully been played on by Iago. Throughout the whole play, Othello remains calm, polite and respectful. He is neither rude nor offensive to Desdemona's father, Brabantio. Even being brave General his self-control is praiseworthy. When Iago tries to instigate a brawl by informing Othello of Brabantio’s armored arrival to his court, he remained calm and responds in the following manner: â€Å"Keep up your brigh t swords, for the dew will rust them. / Good signior, you shall more command with years / Than with your weapons.† (Shakespeare I.ii.59-61). He shows the highest revere to Brabantio. He assures him that he is respectful because of his age. Othello is never a violent man by nature. If he were, he would behave otherwise, in other words, violently. Even in the face of Branbantio’s racial insult, Othello retains his decency: â€Å"If she wasn’t bound in chains of magic, / Would a maid so tender, beautiful, and happy, / So opposed to marriage that she shunned / The wealthy, curled

Comparing the consequences of 1990s reforms in Latin America and East Essay - 1

Comparing the consequences of 1990s reforms in Latin America and East Europe - Essay Example After the adoption of the macroeconomic strategies in the 1990s, both regions had high hopes that the new models would produce dynamic economies and abandon the legacy of sluggish growth, which was evident in the 1980s. However, in practice, the results of the macroeconomic strategies were neither as effective as economic enthusiasts expected, nor as bad as economic critics predicted. Therefore, there is a need to take stock of the implications of policy implementation in the regions in the 1990s. This paper will examine the consequences of the 1990s reforms in East Europe and Latin America by examining the policies and anticipated outcomes for the reforms, as well as the consequences of these strategies. Latin America is among the world’s developing region. The region attained political autonomy roughly in the early 19th century. The colonial past, as well as the variety of primary products available for export, strongly influenced the economic development of the region’s societies. This is largely because it was through these export products that the societies entered the global system of production specialization during the last half of the 20th century. The marginal position of Latin American nations, which exported extractive or tropical agricultural crop to the developed world, was not conducive to interdependence among the region’s economies, particularly in the areas of investment and trade (Pop- Eleches 64). As a consequence, during the initial half of the 20th century, the region’s economies responded to economic crises through industrialization oriented towards domestic markets. The beginning of the 1980s witnessed massive economic changes in de veloped economies such as Great Britain and the US. Global inflation adversely affected the price of primary products produced in Latin America. This resulted in massive

Learning the Theory of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning the Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example Russell further contends that if a belief is to be causally important it must be defined as a characteristic of behavior. This explanation cannot be termed as definite because the result of the behavior or action determines if the belief held was true or false. If the search for food results in success, the belief was true but in case of failure, the belief is considered false. This does not truly justify that knowledge is true belief. Russell believes there are two methods of inference – deduction, and induction. The deduction is merely saying the same thing in another way while induction can be mistaken inference. Human beings have been endowed with sense organs or the organs of perception but most often these are all taken for granted. People know many things like whether they feel cold or hot; whether it is raining or snowing, or when the sun will rise or set. Descartes argues that the ideas about taste, feel, pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, sadness or happiness come to us without our consent (Newman, 2005). All these are perceived through the sense organs and with the assistance of the memory, they reach the imagination. The mind receives the data through the nerves from all parts of the body to produce sensory awareness. The mind has a habit of believing what it perceives. This registers in the mind as an experience or knowledge gained through experience. Each person acts or behaves according to their prior experience or their sense of perception. Organs of sight do not increase knowledge. The physical eyes merely see but unless what has been seen can be absorbed or truly perceived, the ‘seeing; has no meaning. Seeing is involuntary; perception is not. We conceive, perceive and assimilate what we are interested in. This experience differs from one person to another. When a glass is partially filled with water, the physical eyes perceive it.

The change of resistance of a metal Essay Example for Free

The change of resistance of a metal Essay The power I supply to the circuit will be very important. There must be enough current to measure but not too much which would cause the wire to generate a significant amount of heat, which would affect the result. The current must also remain fairly constant throughout the experiment so any affect it has on the resistance has the same effect on the result. A battery has a relatively low current but in a closed circuit it will drain very fast so it would not be suitable. A power pack would overcome this problem but I will have to keep the output very low. From this equation, Heat Energy = V2t/R it can be seen that p.d, time and resistance determine the amount of heat given out by the wire and thus its effect on resistance. Due to this I want to keep the p. d and time as low as possible and the resistance a value that is not too small. There are also several other problems I will have to overcome if I want to make the experiment as reliable as possible. If I use tap water in my experiment there will be a possible current running through the water due to the slight impurities in the form of ions within the water. This could cause inaccuracies in my results. To overcome this I have decided to use distilled water so my results are as reliable as possible. Another problem I may have is the event of parts of the wire touching in the water, especially if I have a fairly compact coil. To overcome this I have decided to use varnished wire that will guard the wire against unintended conducting. A final consideration is the period of time to supply the current to the wire, if the time is too great then it will cause the wire to considerably heat up which will effect my result, thus I have decided to keep the current running for a minimal amount of time but enough so that the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter are settled and constant. After a preliminary experiment I found I could comfortably fit 5m of varnished, coiled wire in a beaker. I also found that the thinnest available wire I could use was 0. 021 cm in diameter. In conclusion I have decided to use a varnished copper wire of length 5m, with a diameter of about 0. 021cm, which was the smallest available. This should give adequate resistance to measure. I have also decided to use a power pack on a low output setting. Basic Theory The theory of resistance can be very complex to calculate on a molecular scale and it is mainly done by observation. However I can explain in simple terms the theory of how temperature changes the resistance of a material. Electrons colliding with impurities within the vibrating lattice arrangement of metals cause resistance. The energy lost is given out in the form of heat. See diagram bellow. The amount of collisions is dependant on the amount the atoms in the lattice are vibrating. The faster the atoms vibrate the higher the probability of a collision. The temperature of the metal is what affects the vibrating atoms. More heat energy means the atoms vibrate more thus creating higher resistance. Prediction Due to the theory above I predict that the resistance will increase as the temperature of the water rises. From the formulas mentioned earlier and the information from the table I obtained from the Internet, I can predict more accurately what my results may look like. Temperature Resistivity of Copper at 20 Temperature coefficient Resistivity at Temperature Length of Wire Area Expected resistance (Degrees C) Degrees C (ohm m) ? (Ohm m) (m) (Cm2) (Ohms) Plan. I am going to use a beaker of distilled water to vary the temperature of a length of wire, knowing that resistance varies with temperature. To measure the resistance I am going to pass a current through the wire and take readings of the current and potential difference across the wire, which will allow me to calculate the resistance. To do this I will assemble my circuit so the wire is connected to a power pack, I will put a voltmeter in parallel with the wire and the ammeter in series. I will hold the wire in the water my making an MDF support as shown in the diagram with two crocodile clips. I will then heat the water to different temperatures using a Bunsen burner and take a reading every 10? C from 20 to 100? C. I will then turn the power pack on for a period of about 5 seconds to take readings from the ammeter and voltmeter. I will take every reading three times to ensure of no discrepancies between results. I will then average the results. I have decided to use a varnished copper wire of length 5m and diameter 0. 21mm made into a coil. This will give suitable resistance and will change sufficiently to measure the temperature of water. Apparatus needed: MDF piece 5 meters 0. 21mm wire 2 crocodile clips Connecting wires Voltmeter Ammeter Large beaker Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze, mat Power pack Distilled water Thermometer Safety During my experiment I must consider the following:   Caution when using the power pack alongside water   Caution when using boiling water   Use of appropriate equipment when moving boiling water Results Trial 1 Temperature i C Potential Difference (V) Current (A) Resistance (ohms) Trial 2 Temperature i C Potential Difference (V) Current (A) Resistance (ohms) Trial 3 Temperature i C Potential Difference (V) Current (A) Resistance (ohms). Average resistance results Temperature i C Resistance (ohms)   Analysis From the graph you can see that there is positive correlation between temperature and resistance and in this set of results it appears to be linear. There are anonymous results at 60? C and at 100? C. This could have been caused by several things, which I will mention later. My graph also satisfies my hypothesis that as the temperature rises; the resistance of the wire increases also. Firstly I would like to compare my theoretical results with my actual results to see the discrepancies between them and if they are at all related. From the graph you can see that the two sets of data are similar. My actual results are in general slightly higher than the predicted ones. Contact resistance between the crocodile clips and the copper wire could have caused this, especially since the wire was varnished and it was difficult to remove all of the coating. The wire may also have been stretched slightly when I was coiling it, leading to thinner areas of wire, which would have increased the resistance. There may also have been kinks in the wire that would have affected the results. I heated the water to the different temperatures after which I removed the heat. During the time between when I removed the heat and when I took the reading it is possible that the water cooled slightly thus giving lower resistance. Another big influence would have been the heating of the wire by the energy given out by its resistance; this would have created higher resistance. Finally the varnish on the wire may have been inconsistent leading to parts touching in the water thus making the circuit shorter and lowering the resistance. The anonymous result at 60? C could have been made by a general loose connection when I took that reading, caused by the experiment being knocked, as it was consistent through my three sets of readings. A more likely explanation is that two parts of the varnished wire were touching where there may have been a scratch leading to a shorter circuit and thus reducing the resistance. When I took my reading at 100? C I had to keep the Bunsen burner underneath to keep it at this temperature. This could have heated up the wire more than the water did, thus causing a greater resistance as shown in the graph. Evaluation My experiment was successful as I managed to construct and use a system to take measurements. The results were reasonably accurate and allowed me to confirm my prediction. I was pleased that my results were strongly correlated. There are several things I could have done to improve my experiment:   Use of more accurate multimeters would have increased the accuracy. I could have used data logging equipment with a thermometer connected to a computer to monitor my results more carefully and accurately   I could have done the entire experiment several times and taken different readings each time, instead of taking all three readings immediately after one another I could have used different lengths and thickness of wires to further prove my hypothesis   I could have tried a greater range of temperatures of water by raising its boiling point by adding a salt or similar, I could also have lowered the temperature using ice and a salt. I could have also used a lower current or put in a resistor before the wire to reduce the heating effect   I could have used solder connections and thicker wires to reduce any error in faulty connections If I were to repeat the experiment I would consider the above and in general take more readings to remove any anonymous results. 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Case Study Johnson Johnson Marketing Essay

Case Study Johnson Johnson Marketing Essay Johnson Johnson Consumer Products Division is one of the leading fast moving consumer goods manufacturers in India. It is also among the most consistent and successful enterprises not just in the JJ world-wide group of companies, but also in India. Johnson Johnson Consumer Products division has been growing steadily over the last few years, and is one of the few companies in the Indian market to grow at extremely healthy levels. Johnson and johnson is the world most comprehensive and broadly based manufacturer of health care product and service for the consumer pharmaceutical and medical and diagnostics market. The Consumer Products Division owes its success to the strength of its brands, and the loyalty they enjoy from consumers, a strong sense of values driven from the Credo, and an environment, which sets the toughest standards of leadership. Overview Johnson and johnson founded in 1886 as a supplier of health care product in open market. The head quatered of John son and john son in new Brunswick ,Nj The company sell more than 175 product in 57 countries in the world . In 2003 the sale of Johnson and johnson were 4.19billion dollar. John son and john son have 110,600 employers over the world . More than US280billion pa philonthrapy. World leading heath care supplier PRODUCTS OF JOHNSON JOHNSON Aveeno ageless vitality Aveeno nourish + hair collection Aveeno nourish + style collection Aveeno hydrarting body wash Johnson natural baby lotion Johnson natural baby shampoo Johnson natural head to toe foaming body wash Listerine total care Neosprine lip health Neutrogena men sensitive skin Neutrogena sore pimple gel Neutrogena skin clearing mineral powder Neutrogena advanced sun block lotion Roc brilliance day rejuvenating Roc brilliance eye beautifier Skin crystal all natural sweetner COMPETETORS OF JOHNSON JOHNSON ABBOTT LABS LILLY ELI CO NOVARTIS A G PESTLE ANALYSIS POLITICAL LEGAL Johnson Johnson operates in both developed and developing countries worldwide where the political situation in these countries is stable and encourages more Investments. Also legislations in these countries favours free market economy with no government intervention. ECONOMICAL With the introduction of the European Union and single currency the whole European market has been transformed to a single market hence increasing the market for Johnson Johnson products. Also inflation and exchange rates in most of the countries has been stable thus not affecting the prices of products or any future Investments. SOCIOLOGICAL Due to recent developments people around the world have changed from using natural food products to the use of genetic modified food products or to special types of fo Unilever has tried to cope with all the changes that take place in the modern world. TECHNOLOGICAL The objective of Johnson Johnson is not only to maximize the wealth of its owners but also to anticipate the aspirations of its customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services that raise the quantity of life. Johnson Johnson put much emphasis on research and development, modern technologies and launching of modified products so as satisfy its stakeholders SWOT ANALYSIS: Johnson Johnson Strengths Worldwide sales have grown 14% indicating a strong position for the global group. The business model adapted by Johnson and Johnson fundamentally uses the adaptation of entrepreneurial values in order to retain an edge within the market place. Working with intensive scientific notions Johnson and Johnson utilise a varied expanse of problem solving techniques in order to challenge the standard practice and capitalise on growth through emerging markets which enables associated growth. The use of independent offices working as standalone units provides the opportunity to develop concepts with cultural considerations which can prove important when taking a product to global markets. Weaknesses There is increasing pressure within pharmaceutical markets to reduce prices in line with medical budgets and maintain patent expirations to ensure generic programmes are updated within critical path movements. Challenges have been faced within Johnson and Johnson where a reduction in the market demand for key products has been identified; some of these products were branded and have been replaced by generic programmes at the end of patent time lines. Internal weakness across the industry and not isolated to Johnson and Johnson would be the level of theft and counterfeiting of drugs managed through internal personnel. Opportunity Whilst the recent acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare will act as an opportunity in its own right to promote growth for the organisation through alternative routes there is the added value capitalised through the return on investment which will be realised 12 months before plan releasing funds back into the bottom line. Johnson and Johnson have highlighted new developments in pharma products with five undergoing regulatory review which provides the opportunity to grow the existing product portfolio. Development into new functions of medical devices and diagnostics will provide new markets to entry which will result in business growth. With the development of WTO rules to prevent the availability of cheap generic drugs there is the opportunity to reduce the level of lost profit due to generic introduction as patents run out. Whilst this will aid Johnson and Johnson where they own the brand where they are looking to capitalise on introducing generic drugs to market this ruling will become a hindrance. Threats Generally within the main pharmaceutical companies there is a high level of competition for the generics markets where patents finish and it is the first to entry where success will generally be determined. Technological developments with bio-tech concepts will potentially move the traditional pharmaceutical methods out of the market place in the long term although there is an economical argument that this form of development can be segregated to run alongside traditional methods and complement as opposed to replace. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The assessment of the financial position of the firm constitutes an important aspect of the internal analysis which must be carried out to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation .It is important to carry out a financial performance of the corporation Johnson Johnson. because the financial appraisal will indicate the extent to which the firm is meeting some of its key objectives and also help management to direct operations and make decisions in ways which will achieve or fulfil the overall corporation objectives. Two categories of financial performance measures are commonly used and these can be based on absolute values, which measure profitability and those based on relative form of return on investment or capital employed. Profitability Businesses come into being with the primary purpose of creating wealth for their owners. Profitability measures indicate how effectively the total firm is being managed and in many ways constitute the most important aspect. Profit is widely used as an absolute measure of profitability and provides a means by which a corporation can be compared with another in the same industry e.g. Novartis or the same company over different times of period. Net profit margin This ratio relates the net profit of the business to the sales generated for the sales period. Net profit represents the difference between sales, the cost of sales and the operating expenses used to generate that profit. Year of Operation 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Sales 48,270 51,514 47,582 40,977 40,437 Net Profit 2,129 1,838 1,105 2,771 2,944 Net Profit Margin in % 4.4 3.6 2.3 6.8 7.3 We can see the profit ratio was up in early years but due to intensive competition and new product innovations it started falling. Gross Profit Year of Operation 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Sales 48,270 51,514 47,582 40,977 40,437 Gross Profit 5,041 5,174 3,181 4,303 4,410 Gross Profit Margin in % 10.4 10 7 10 11 The gross profit margin indicates that the gross profit is stable over the five years under consideration at 10% at the most is a favourable trend. Liquidity In analysing the liquidity position we want to know whether Johnson Johnson is able to meet its short-term obligations as and when they fall due. Year of Operation 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Current Assets 16,209 17,678 20,086 25,407 21,601 Current Liabilities 20,602 23,212 28,364 12,134 17,970 Liquidity Ratio 1:1 1.1 1:1 2:1 2:1 From the given figures we can see that Johnson Johnson have a sound liquidity position of 1:1 meaning the corporation is able to meet its short-term obligations from its current assets without having to raise finance by borrowing, issuing shares or selling fixed assets which is a favourable trend. 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Price Earning Ratio 2:1% 2:1% 1:1% 3:1% 4:1% The price-earning ratio is generally good at 31 it shows that the corporation is held in high esteem in the market 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Dividend Cover 2441 1838 1320 2972 3088 The divided cover compares the amount of profit earned per ordinary share, which is 2441 in 2002, is good compared to the previous years. 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Efficiency 2 1.74 1.63 2.65 3.30 The company is being operated efficiently in order to generate sales. Finally Johnson Johnson is financially sound and a going concern that is able to take up any challenges. Vision Value and low prices as hallmark of development Mission Statement For best quality and best price. COMPETITOR PROFILE ANALYSIS The five forces analysis will aim to identify the key forces, which will affect the level of competition in food, home and personal care where Johnson Johnson operates. The five forces Framework Potential entrants Threat of Entrants (Low) Suppliers Bargaining Power (Low) Competitive Rivalry (High) Norvatis Nestle Kraft Food Danone Sainsbury Marks Spenser Buyers Bargaining Power (low) Threat of Substitutes (High) Substitutes Threat from new entrants (Low) Home and personal care requires high capital investment in order to enter market and Johnson Johnson have built up experience and distribution channels to compete effectively in the industry. Currently Johnson Johnson is operating in 100 countries and is able to tailor its products to the different markets and anticipate customers demand. Most of its products like Baby care products are market leaders. Threat of Substitutes (high) There are so many competitors in consumer goods industry. there is a great competition among these consumers. So there is a substation effect which is very high. Bargaining power of Suppliers (low) Johnson Johnson is a very big and strong business entity, which cannot be easily influenced or forced in its decisions by suppliers, as it is not dependent on one supplier. As stated in the case Johnson Johnson has no problem with supply of raw materials as is able to operate in 100 markets with a variety of products without run short of raw materials. Bargaining power of Buyers. (High) Customers especially in European market frequently keep on demanding more new products, better features and great variety at acceptable prices. This has forced Johnson Johnson to develop new products.there are so many competitors prevailing in the consumer goods industry. So the bargaining power of buyers is very high. Competition (High) Johnson Johnson main competitors are unilever PG etc. Due to this Johnson Johnson was under restructuring programme Competitors are producing the same products as Johnson Johnson, hence bring competition in the market. ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING MIX OF JOHNSON JOHNSON Weldon was a master of marketing, which was then to the advantage of the monolith JJ. The following discussions will analyze the capability of JJ using the marketing mix to maximize the profits gained by the said company under the headship of Weldon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   II.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing Points A.  Ã‚   Product Based on the article of (2003) Johnson Johnson was a company who dwell in innovation and new products. This shows that the company has a commercial advantage against its competitors. Not only does it have a recognizable brand, it also offers products which the public identify with them. This is possible because they have identified themselves with the product. A good example of this would be their treatment of the drug, Procrit.    B.  Ã‚   Place Along with the famous products of the company, it also shows how effectively they make these accessible to the public. In the case of their product Band aid, they targeted hospitals by making it more scientific through the improvements made by their research and design department. The product was made liquid and thus accessible for hospitals as wound closing agents. Another product was also made accessible to the public. Their product, Nizoral, was formerly an antifungal treatment targeted for hospital use was transformed to commonplace merchandise, shampoo. This shows the tenacity of the company to offer the public their products and in the same time expand their market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C.  Ã‚   Promotion The promotion of the products of JJ, the company takes on the persuasive craftsmanship of Weldon to the public. The article indicates that Weldon does impose rather challenging tasks to his executives. These tasks are expected to be successful at the first attempt that some of the executives even consider it impossible. Nevertheless, the pressure provided by Weldon has been considerably effective given the performance of JJ in his reign. The competitive compulsion that has enveloped the company through Weldon has helped improved consciousness and creates a positive image towards the products offered by the company. D.  Ã‚   Price Early on in the article, the discussions have presented that JJ have offered the public with low-cost and considerably affordable products in the market. This doesnt only make their product known to the majority of the public, but also the choice of many buyers. The good thing about JJs recognizable brand name is that the buying public tends to trust their products. In this manner, this part of the marketing mix tends to contribute largely to the rest of the determinants of product choice.   Ã‚   Johnson Johnson as one of the most influential companies in the commercial sector. One could learn largely on the situations of JJ. It shows that a firm leader could do wonders for the company. Weldon was cognizant of both internal and external elements that affect the overall environment of the company. In this manner, he was able to use these to his advantage. Knowing what needs to be done for product has greatly influenced how he became aware on how these are going to be carried out.    More important than the effective implementation of the marketing mix, the proper communication within the organization is required. Along with the strong leader, the need of a healthy interaction within the ranks presents not only an opportunity to develop but also, as seen in the case of JJ, to essentially make seemingly impossibly demanding tasks into measured ones. BCG Matrix The Boston Consultative Group BCG Matrix is a Portfolio strategic analysis tool. It evaluates the portfolio of strategic business unit or markets according to their performance and groups them as Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks or Dogs. The matrix is a market share market growth matrix. Companies must develop new businesses but also must carefully prune, harvest or divest tired old businesses in order to release resources and reduce cost. In the case of Johnson Johnson, we are going to analyse the portfolio of the business based on BCG matrix, examine the relationship between market share and market growth of the different business units. BCG MATRIX FOR PRODUCTS Market Share growth High low HighStars Best foods Frozen Market Growth Question Marks Deodorants Anti- Prespirant Cash cows Knorr Flora Dogs Slim Fast STARS (High market share, high market growth) As we have seen in the question mark businesses, there are brands within the business units that are performing well and if the question marks are successful they become stars. In home and personal care, products for cleansing, deodorant and antiperspirant under the brands of Axe Lux Ponds, Rexona, CIF, comfort, Domesto, Omo, Skip and Snuggle have a good share of the growing market. However, Johnson Johnson may have to spend substantial funds for its stars to keep up with high market growth and fight off the competitors attacks as a leader in these core brands. CASH COWS (Low market share, high market growth) Johnson Johnson does not have to invest heavily on marketing or to finance capacity expansion, as the growth is low and market conditions more stable. As these business units are market leaders, they enjoy economies of scale and higher profit margin. Johnson Johnson should use these cash cow businesses to support the lagging ones that drive down the profit of the company. QUESTION MARKS (High market share, low market growth) Question Marks According to our matrix question marks are operating in a growing market without high market share. Johnson Johnson is categorized as question marks. Therefore it can be noticed that not the whole divisions are under performing, as a result Johnson Johnson needs to invest more in these business units to keep up with the fast growing market because they are already successful but need better performance. DOGS (Low market share, low market growth) . With a weak market share in low growth market, they may be considered as dogs. As consumers started questioning the effectiveness of products and turning to alternatives. Segmentation Market segmentation is the process of taking a heterogeneous market and breaking it into smaller homogenous groups where all members have similar needs and respond similarly to a set of marketing efforts.   Once the market has been segmented, the organization selects the segments to be served (known as target markets).   Targeting . Johnson Johnson target households for home care products, health care products, personal care products for the people who are hygiene concious. Prices are generally set for middle class people, who can easily afford it. Positioning Determine positioning. A market position is developed for the product so that the target will clearly know where the product stands in relation to the competition, as well as other products marketed by the organization. Johnson Johnson have positioned themselves as home and personal care producers. Product positioning is how a product is positioned in the mind of the consumer.   Positioning begins with finding a difference in the product that is worth establishing to the extent that it is important, distinctive, superior, communicable, pre-emptive, affordable, and profitable. Johnson Johnson have position their products-High Quality and good price Johnson Johnson products are positioned as good value products but are slowing threat faced by Johnson Johnson Differential advantage refers to any feature of a product or organization perceived by customers to be desirable and different from the competition. An organization uses its resources and capitalizes on them to obtain a differential advantage by offering unique products. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS Critical Success Factors are factors upon which the success of the business is dependant. Johnson Johnson attend to these factors to ensure success. Ability to tailor products according to different market and anticipate customer demands Understanding in depth of the countries in which Johnson Johnson operates Policy of listening to customers. Producing different range of products to match the diversity of its consumers Increased advertising budget and interaction with advertising agencies . CORPORATE OBJECTIVES Yet one of Johnson Johnson s major and most important objective was anticipating the aspirations of consumers and customers and responding creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life In crease customisation to local national taste by establishing additional brand names. Regain Market Leadership with 5 years. Regain Stockholder confidence Internationalise Management Marketing Mission Statement To provide the best quality products and Service to the customer and be the market leaders in the retail industry. MARKETING OBJECTIVES Johnson Johnson, consumer goods manufacturer has these main marketing objectives: To create sustainable, profitable growth and value for shareholders and employees by improving profits by 10%. To improve performance of the lagging businesses To boost sales and margin through its path to growth strategy by 10% To increase market share and maintain leadership of its core brands by creating customer loyalty. To tailor products to different markets and anticipate consumer demand through research and development-innovation. OTHER MARKETING STRATEGIES GROWTH STRATEGIES Growth Vector Analysis Existing Product Improved product (new, changed) New Product Options Existing market Market Penetration Product variants or product differentiation Product line extension Market expansion Market segmentation Market-Product segmentation -New product development -Market development -Existing boundary New Market Market development Diversification Conglomerate diversification Alternatives The most suitable strategies of meeting the Marketing objectives stated above are: Market Penetration A market penetration strategy suggests that growth is possible by achieving a deeper penetration (sell more) of its present product within a present market.   An organization could sell more of its current product(s) to its current customers, attract competitors customers, or convince non-users to begin using the product, thereby increasing its existing market share. Another growth alternative is to try and identify new markets for its present products. Johnson Johnson should sell more of the existing Products in Asia, Europe and North America. Product Line Extension Through a product line extension strategy, an organization might create an augmented product in order to stimulate the current markets and create new ones. Unilever must quickly start pursuing this strategy as its current products are falling out of favour with the consumer and should pursue this further.   Market Development By employing a market development strategy, an organization might identify new markets for its product by determining potential user groups for its current products, seeking additional distribution channels in its present locations, or offering its product for sale in new geographic locations, either domestic or international.   Another alternative is to develop new products for an existing target market. Ford has the opportunity to develop a very profitable market in Africa and the pacific region in particular the former commonwealth countries that readily identify with anything British. . New Product Development New Product development in existing Boundaries. Entirely new products can be developed taking into consideration customer tastes and preferences. This will enhance competitive advantage and keep competition at bay. Johnson Johnson must use a combination of these strategies to achieve best result in market growth and be able to compete effectively in the industry. COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES Focused Differentiation This occurs when the company a range of clearly differentiated products which appeal to different segments of the market. This will be the most suitable strategy to pursue due to the companies reputation of quality, value and service. It will also be congruent with the core aspirations of the company. Cost Leadership- (problem solution) Although Johnson Johnson has not competed on cost in the market it must try to cut costs because it is currently under attack from its competitors on both quality and cost of products. Therefore it must be seen to be challenging the competition not only on the quality of the products but also on the cost. MARKETING MIX STRATEGIES Marketing mix strategies The marketing mix is the means used by the marketer to satisfy customers. Product policies- new product development brand development Branding family, corporate branding. Branding is part of the actual product and is a major issue in overall product strategy. Branding is used to give products unique identities and helps the marketer to differentiate their product from those of competitors use a tool. Branding Strategy Family branding: this involves using a brand image and name for a range of products. Corporate branding: this means that a company uses its own company name as a brand for its products. Individual branding: this means that each product is given a distinct name and image by a company. Johnson Johnson must use this strategy because the brand name is well established, launch costs of new products may be low and brand loyal customers are more likely to try the branded new products New Product Development An organisation that wishes to survive long term, must invest in new product development (NPD). Always, all products eventually reach the decline stage of the PLC. Without new products an organisations sales will eventually become non-existent and Customers will seek competitors products. Additionally, by introducing new and innovative products to the market place first, an organisation may generate customer loyalty and maintain its market share as the market grows. NPD is costly and can be a long process. If a new product fails, a company may make huge financial losses and the ensuring bad publicity can be detrimental. The NPD process helps to minimise the risk of failure. Johnson Johnson must heavily invest in this strategy of new product development. Promotion policies Promotion is more than just advertising. It includes almost any form of communication that a company has with its customers. Indeed, it includes communication with stakeholders, suppliers, intermediaries and the general public. The range of parties that a company promotes to is known as the target audience. Promotion strategies and the communities mix When a company is pursuing a pull strategy, it promotes its products to the final customers to encourage them to buy. They are encouraged to demand the product from intermediaries. Place policies Place is the term used in the marketing mix to mean distribution. Distribution involves all the activities necessary in getting a product to a customer. Distribution can be looked from two perspectives: channels of distribution and physical distribution. Channel of distribution refer to the organisations involved (distributors, wholesalers, retailer, agents). Physical distribution refers to the physical transportation, handling and storage of products necessary to make products available to customers.

Somatoform Disorder or Culture-Bound Syndrome: Manifestation & Symptom

One of the ongoing controversies about the relationship between culture and psychopathology has to do with the long-reported tendency of Asian psychiatric patients to primarily manifest and express psychological distress with somatic symptoms. Cultural differences in symptom expression have been the focus of studies on somatization. â€Å"Somatization is a term originally tied to a psychodynamic theory of illness causation in which psychological conflict was transformed or transduced into bodily distress† (Kirmayer & Young, 1998). Young & He (2002) imply that the absence of organic findings to explain patients’ reported symptoms suggest the possibility of a somatoform disorder. However, the common complaints usually do not satisfy the stringent DSM-IV-TR criteria for somatization disorder and can be categorized more closely to undifferentiated somatoform disorders. The most common theories propose that the low rate of reporting psychological problems and high rate of ov eremphasizing bodily symptoms among Asians compared to other ethnic groups may reflect cultural rather than cognitive preferences (Lin & Cheung, 1999; Chun, Eastman, Wang, & Sue, 1998). This is most evident in studies of various culture-specific syndromes such as the two Korean folk syndromes listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000): hwa-byung and shin-byung. Hwa-byung is literally translated into English as â€Å"anger syndrome† and attributed to the suppression of anger, disappointment, grudges, and unfulfilled expectations and the symptoms include insomnia, fatigue, panic, fear of impending death, dysphoric affect, indigestion, anorexia, dyspnea, palpitations, generalized aches and pains, and... ...that this view of somatization as a mark of psychological primitivism can be used against the patients by disqualifying and invalidating their somatic symptoms and expressions of distress. I recognize that issues that are relevant to the mental health of any cultural or ethnic group is multidimensional and complex. Despite the impossibility of generalizing any individual’s experience over that of another, I believe han is undeniably embedded in the deepest alcoves of the Korean psyche and soul which shapes and operates on so many levels—from the largest and highest historical-national level to the personal innermost-mindset of a Korean individual. In this brief and space-limited paper, I selectively reviewed research findings that were most relevant for further exploring the meaning of somatization and expression of han by Koreans in the field of psychopathology.

The Great American Experiment Essay -- U.S. Politics

Yes we can, the rallying cry for the democratic candidate in the 2008 elections could be seen as a foreshadowing of what was to come. That candidate went on to win the election by nearly a 7 point margin, partially thanks to an overall higher voter turnout especially amongst the Hispanic, black and young demographics. Barack Obama’s 2008 victory is an example of how concentrating on voter turnout can lead to great success. In the wake of such a clear indication of the potential power of an increased voter turnout, one would assume that both parties would be doing everything they can to build on that trend; this however may not be the case. Does each party want higher turnout? Since nearly the beginning of our nation, the idea of higher voter turnout to elections has been a pet cause of one politician or another; each assuming such an increase would be to their benefit. This idea cannot be claimed by any one party either, as it shifts with the very political tides that guide much of politics. Usually it is the party out of power that perceives the greatest potential benefit in increasing turnout, and thus, changing the structure of the electorate. This pattern, however, has seemed to break apart in the latest elections. A new strategy has come into view recently, which may result in actually reversing the trend of increasing the electorate outright. So far in 2011, 14 states have enacted 19 new laws and 2 executive orders placing new restrictions on voting and registration, which could diminish voter turnout in 2012 (Weiser and Norden 2011). These laws cover a wide array of issues; ranging from restrictive voter registration and voter id laws, to even reducing the days which people were able to vote. The Brennan Center for Jus... ...n the multitude of ways both parties have to directly target and promote the turnout of their bases, there is no need for such retroactive tactics. We should all work towards improving participation in this great American experiment. Bibliography Ginsberg, Benjamin, Theodore J Lowi, and Margaret Weir. We The People, an introduction to american politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Co Ltd, 2011 Latinos for Reform. Don't Vote Latinos For Reform. October 18, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKFAiMbm1Fc U.S. Census Bureau. Newsroom: Voter Turnout Increases by 5 Million in 2008 Presidential Election. July 20, 2009. http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/voting/cb09-110.html Weiser, Wendy R, and Lawrence Norden. "Voting Law Changes in 2012." Brennan Center for Justice. 10 3, 2011. http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/voting_law_changes_in_2012

Patriot Act Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Politics Terror Essays

Patriot Act One of the worst, yet momentous events in U.S history occurred on September 11th, 2001. This event released a flow of patriotic fervor and a permanent fear among all Americans that they had also now become suspect to acts of international terrorists. This led to a lot of changes in the attitudes of the executive and legislative branches in the United States government. They came up almost immediately with new measures, which were supposedly against terrorism or terrorist threats. One of the principle acts passed by them was called "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001," also called the USA Patriot Act. This was signed and approved as law by President Bush on October 26th, 2001. This act is one of the most sweeping acts passed in the history of modern America. The Act affects the civil liberties of the citizens of USA and even non-citizens who are residing in America on a regular basis. The question though, is if the United States is faced with a Major Crisis like 091101 brought forth, is it permissible to allow the Government the expanded powers to set fourth the laws and enforcement needed to protect our country? And is it permissible to take away many citizens liberties while doing so? The answers may vary, some people may fight for there rights some may not even care. When it comes down to it, we’re all American citizens and we might not all be part of the U.S. Army, or the United States Marine Corp. but we are all solders. We all have the same responsibility to protect our Nation and its citizens. Many may speculate that our â€Å"rights† are being violated. That six of there most coveted rights and Amendments are being violated by the government that is supposed to enforce that each citizen have them. Anyone that has an opinion on there rights, basically has two choice is the matter. They can not worry about what there rights are and how they could be violated and save thousands or millions of United States citizen lives in one way or another, or they can fight the Government and keep all there rights as they see they have them, and cause thousands of innocent deaths, just like what occurred on 091101. All the Patriot act did after 091101, was keep the honest people honest. That’s all it is meant to do, while weeding out the snakes and rats that can c... ...though I support the Patriot Act for this time of need, I strongly disagree with the â€Å"Patriot II† —the act that was intended to follow Patriot and grant the government even broader powers which would give the FBI and CIA greater powers to spy and become more secreted then they already are. The plans of Patriot II were leaked out in bits and pieces of there past winter causing a little despair, the Government ensured that the Patriot II is dead and will never take effect. However look for the Government, mainly President Bush’s slaves, to incorporate many of the clauses this fall in the guise of the Victory Act. Many of the clauses in the Patriot II and Victory Act, I am strongly against, due to the fact even without reasonable suspicion the government could do as they please, and many civil liberties would be violated. Like I stated, I do support the judgment of expanded power during the time of need, within a certain period of time [durations of the War ] and with reasonable suspicion to deprive a citizen of rights, I will proudly diminish the level of rights I carry to protect that of others. I’m a proud United States citizen and I have nothing to hide at all, not even my pride.

Philosophy & Husserl on intersubjectivity Essay

According to Husserl, inter subjective experience plays a vital role in the constitution of the self as subjects that exist objectively, other experiencing object and the objective world governed by space and time. That’s why transcendental phenomenology tries to reconstruct the basic rational structures that enable constitutive achievements. From a first person perspective, intersubjectivity occurs when people undergo acts of empathy because an intersubjective experience is highly empathetic. This is because it occurs in the course of person’s consciousness and conscious attribution of acts that are intentional and directed towards other subjects. This is happens when people put themselves in the shoes of others and studying this experience suing a phenomenological attitude calls for bracketing of beliefs in the existence of the very targets of a persons acts ascription through the experiencing subject and ask questions whether internal beliefs justify our underlying intersubjective experience (Carrs, 1999) . Therefore it takes phenomenal investigation to expose these beliefs which are usually unconscious when the world is experienced in the natural attitude. One of the fundamental beliefs the Husserl uncovered is the expectation that any being that resembles and has similar mannerisms as myself always displays traits that are also familiar with mine which means that perception will be from an egocentric perspective. This means a person would look at another and the things the other one does from their own perspective allowing them to go into other persons shoes and this beliefs lets one to ascribe intentional acts to others instantly without drawing an external inference or making an analogy to ones case. This means that the belief in question must be in tandem with the personal belief system because it forms part of the pre-given intentional background which is also referred to as the life word. It is this life world that forms a basis where all acts ascriptions and all constuitive achievements tend to make sense initially before they get the ultimate justification. Husserl’s perception of the life world may be quite difficult but it is also very important. This perception can be approached in two different ways which are very compatible. It can be thought in terms of belief and in terms of things like senses which are culturally or socially established. Restricting ourselves to just one experience as a subject can make the lifeworld look like a rational structure that underlies a natural attitude which means that if the subject’s lifeworld has beliefs against which they base their every day attitude towards themselves, it is the objective world that receives the utmost justification. However, in principle, the beliefs that form a subject’s lifeworld are not immune to revision which means that Husserl is not an epistemological phenomenologist. What if people consider a single community of subjects within their common lifeworld or even the homeworld? This can be looked upon by first approximating the systems of senses and meanings which make up their common form of life as long as they conceive the world and themselves using parameters provided by this form of life. Considering subjects that belong to different communities, their lifeworld can be looked upon as an overall framework of senses and meanings that give room for collective translations of their respective home worlds. One of the intuitive achievements based on this explanation of the lifeworld and the practice of act ascription is a person self image which becomes a fully fledged person who exists as an element that has physical and psychological spatio temporal order. This self image is usually referred to as iterated empathy where one puts themselves into the shoes of another subject in a conscious manner that simulates them especially when the other person puts themselves into your shoes in return (Lauer, 1996). This way, one can make configurations wherereby for the other subject to manage to ascribe intentional acts upon you, he has to bodily identify with you as a full human being with flesh and blood and with the egocentric perspective having differences with their own This creates a conclusion that ones egocentric perspective is just one of the many perspectives that are used in the theory of intersubjectivity and from all the other strange perspectives, one appears as a physical subject in the midst of others in that world dictated by space and time. This means that the criterion of subject vs. identity applies to oneself and others too meaning that there is one living human body with one experiencing subject. However, Husserl does not want to deny that people ascribe to experiences especially the intentional experience like the animals. This is where the biggest problem and difficulty lies because there is a big bodily behavioral and bodily difference between human beings and animals. According to Husserl empathy also provides a background upon which practical, aesthetical and moral evaluations analysis of intercultural understanding can be given a critique which means that the foreign world can be constituted against a background of ones world or home world. Husserl’s asserts that even the objective world that is governed by space and time, and which is a significant part of people’s daily lifeworld is also constituted intersubjectively the same is true for the spatio- temporal set up that is made up of objective time and space. This brings in a question of how an abstraction of the spatio temporal object which is different from the same notion because it does not make a presupposition of any other subject can manage to observe another object from its won perspective. Husserl answers this question by arguing that for someone to put him or herself into the shoes of another subject and manage trio simulate their perspective upon the adjacent world dictated by time and space, one does not have to assume that that world is similar to their own though the conditions under which the subjects symbolizes the world should be different because they are based on an ego centric viewpoint. This means that all the spatio temporal objects that form ones worlds exist separately from ones subjective perspective and the specific experiences that one performs which must be part and parcel of an objective reality. It also means that perceptual subjects are transcendent because in any particular moment, they portray a very large number of features that are could not be perceived or expected earlier and some manifest themselves after further observation. However, this does not mean that the objective world found in the intersubjective experience is completely separate from the aspects under which the world is represented. According to Husserl another condition that makes intersubjective experience possible is the assumption that the other subjects mould the world into objects just as oneself does. This means that Husserl sticks to both Realist and idealist versions. Levinas critique For Husserl, the major philosophical question is the understanding of the link between contingent particular experience on one side and objective knowledge that is scientific on the other side meaning that one person’s intentional consciousness and the other person’s intentional consciousness are usually directed towards the same object (Cains, 1999). This means that the person that emerges fro Husserl analysis is just an alter ego meaning that the ego is me while the alter ego is the other. This is a postulation that was rejected by Emanuel Levinas because the question of intentionality is basically ethical instead of being epistemological and he claims that intentionality is just a form of representation. Levinas critiqued Husserl’s assertion because according to him, the latter has defied the Cartesian account of consciousness as a holder of ideas. He claims that the intentional object is not the existing object because of the bracketing of the existence of the intentional object. He claims that if experience is accounted for in terms of representation that is comprehended from this perspective, then the object of experience depends on consciousness and its from this point of view that it can be meaningful. Intentionality is therefore understood basically from an optical point of view where sight and light are involved. However according to Levinas, it is not what is seen that that speaks. For example, one can see a face but seeing it does not make if different from any other object. The face of another person is however always viewed in relation to my own and that is where Levinas make a distinction between the autre and the autrui and the two words are borrowed from French. The two words mean other but in different context. This reduces the world of phenomenological consciousness which should be widened though analogies projected by the other however, the other breaks in on such a world creating disruptions. Levinas therefore disagrees with Husserl by claiming that the other is not placed on a horizontal axis as Husserl had claimed, it is actually placed on a vertical axis according to Levinas. The other therefore addresses me and that address may not be verbal but that face will definitely speak to me about things which may not be there in the face that is on itself understood as an object of ones intentional consciousness List of references Cains, D, 1999, Formal and Transcendental Logic, The Hague: Nijhoff Carr, D ,1999, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Evanston: Northwestern University Press Carl, D, 1980, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – Third Book: Phenomenology and the Foundations. Evanston:

Carol Gilligan: interpretation of “Feminine Ethics” Essay

To start with Carol Gilligan is considered to be one of the most famous psychologists in the United States and in the world. The author of the â€Å"feminine ethics† was born in New York in 1936. Her career as a future psychologist started with the presenting of the doctoral thesis at the Harvard University in 1964. For a decade she was working with the great theorist of moral development, Lawrence Kohlberg, but then she began criticizing his works. In her famous book â€Å"In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development† (1982) Gilligan presents a revolutionary idea, she gives women rights to choose and she associates them with care and in some cases with the motherhood. Still, there were some reasons why Gilligan began to criticize Lawrence Kohlberg’s work. Firstly, she considered him to have rather a narrow approach to the problem of moral values. Secondly, Lawrence Kohlberg examined only men’s moral principles and paid no attention to women’s feeling and in such way, Kohlberg showed â€Å"biased opinion against women†. Thirdly, Gilligan felt that women should have the voice and she wanted to present a controversial approach to women’s rights and moral values. Fourthly, Kohlberg in â€Å"terms of influence on a human relationship† considered men’s rights and rules to be at the higher stage than women’s (Gilligan, 1982). Lawrence Kohlberg was not the only scientist whose works gave Gilligan ground for her future work. She laid her research on Freud’s and Erickson’s works. Thus, while discussing women’s moral senses Sigmund Freud, stressed that they are underdeveloped, because of women’s dependence upon their mothers (Lawrence, 2008). Another famous moralist and theorist, Erik Erickson believed that the process of women’s development is successful only in case of separation from the mother and the family. Thus, the board schools for girls are a good possibility for a young lady to develop moral senses. Still, Erickson thought that if a woman did not come through the process of self-development she would be lacking some major senses, which make her a real woman (Boeree, 2004). Criticizing the above-mentioned theories Gilligan understood that her goal was to present a new approach to the women’s moral senses. Her theory comprises three aspects of women’s moral development: selfish, social and principled morality. According to Gilligan (1982) â€Å"Women must learn to deal with their own interests and to the interests of others†. The above-mentioned theory has laid the basis for the Gilligan’s Ethics of Care and Feminine approach to the women’s role in the society. I look closer to the proposed three-stage theory some similarities to Freud’s one will be found. Thus, Gilligan presents the following ideas as for the first level – the level of â€Å"self†: â€Å"†¦ the self is the sole object of a woman’s concern. This self is a beleaguered self: a powerless and disappointed self, so afraid of being hurt that it prefers isolation to connectedness†¦.this is a self that wants above all to survive† (Gilligan, 1982) Still, the first level is the level of â€Å"wish†; and when the woman makes the transition from â€Å"wish† to â€Å"necessity†, from â€Å"the selfishness† to â€Å"willful decision† and to â€Å"the responsibility of moral choice† she will reach the second level – the level of moral development. The main motive which leads the woman to move from the first to the second level is a desire to establish connections with others and to participate in social life. According to Gillian â€Å"†¦the woman of the second level is the conventional, nurturing woman who equates goodness with self-sacrifice and who tries to subjugate her wants to those of other people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilligan, 1982). The moral development of a woman according to Gilligan can continue to the third level in the case when a woman suppresses her wants and as a result, she reaches a destructive boiling point. Thus, Gillian writes: â€Å"†¦to avoid becoming a resentful, angry, even hateful person, a woman needs to push beyond level two to level three of moral development, where she will learn how to care for herself as well as for others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilligan, 1982) So in case when a woman moves to the third level the process of making decisions is a two-sided procedure. From one hand woman takes into consideration her own desire and from the other hand she looks at others’ interests and tries to find a happy medium. Gilligan characterizes the move from the second level to the third level as a transition from goodness to truth. She writes: â€Å"A woman moves from pleasing others – being the conventionally good, always self-sacrificing woman – to recognizing her own needs as part of any relationship. In sum, a woman attains moral maturity when she stops opposing her needs in favor of others’, simultaneously recognizing the falseness of this polarity and the truth of her and others’ interconnectedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilligan, 1982). As it becomes clear Gilligan believes that women look at moral senses through the prism of caring about others and responsibilities to others. Still, Gilligan uses rather a narrow approach to the women’s moral senses. It is obvious that women are living in society and fulfill their roles according to the choice made. But Gilligan ties ethic of caring with the relationship and responsibility and here is the greatest confusion. Thus, from one hand women make choice on their own from the other hand they are to look at their family, relatives, and friends. Can there some misunderstanding be found? Nevertheless comparing the Gilligan work â€Å"In a different voice† with the feminine approach which is presented in the work, it should be stressed that everything is circling around care, which the woman is obliged to give. But is it a real feminism? It can’t be so. Still, it should be stressed that Gilligan’s work influenced a lot of works in the sphere of womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s morality and feminism. Analyzing Gilligan’s work Omonia Vinieris, the representative of idealism, writes that proposed three-level development of moral senses cannot be applied to the modern society because of the masculine â€Å"competition and self-interest†. She stresses that â€Å"sensitivity and kindness were never equated with human goodness† and as a result presented â€Å"feminine approach cannot be applied to the rational and intellect male-world† (Vineries, 2002) Using Gilligan’s ethics of care Brenda Green proposes to apply feminist care to the nursing practice. She thinks that care can be applied to politics and can be associated with gender and power. Moreover Green advocates the idea that the ethics of care should be rooted in the moral frameworks of responsibility and relationships rather than rights and rules and that any care orientation is inseparable from contextual circumstances rather than being a formal and abstract system of thought. Additionally, care should be grounded in the daily activity of life rather than a set of universal principles. (Green, 2012) Houser, Wilczenski, and Ham (2006) using the â€Å"Ethics of care† suggest that feminism ideology includes two primary streams of â€Å"woman-centered† approaches which are relevant to care ethics: the feminine and the feminist. ‘Feminine’ refers to the exploration of women’s unique voice and advocates for an ethic of care. ‘Feminist’ refers to the resistance against male domination and advocates for equal rights. Both approaches seek to validate the importance of experience, understand the destructiveness of oppression, and eliminate gender and social inequality. Halwani (2003) in his turn suggests that while using care equal weight should be given in our moral deliberations. The main aim of the family from his point of view is responding to the needs of the loved ones. Such an approach implicates partialism or discrimination in care to others. Although partialism seems arbitrary, it does assign greater importance to the protection of one’s own interests and to the interests of those the person cares about, over the protection of the welfare of others, particularly those who are strangers. Coming to conclusion it should be stressed that Carol Gilligan has presented the new approach to the development of women’s moral senses and feministic ideas as for the women’s role in the society. Beside Gilligan’s works influenced further studies in the sphere of morality and the women’s place in the society. References Boeree C. G. (2004) Personality theories: Erik Erikson. Psychology Department Shippensburg  University.  Retrieved  from  http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html Gilligan, C. (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Green B (2012) Applying Feminist Ethics of Care to Nursing Practice. Journal of Nursing & Care. Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/applying-feminist-ethics-of-care-to-nursing-practice-2167-1168.1000111.php?aid=6557. Halwani R (2003) Care ethics and virtue ethics. Hypatia, 18, 161-192. Houser R, Wilczenski F, Ham M.A. (2006) Culturally relevant ethical decision-making in counseling. Sage Publications, California. Lawrence A. (2008) Gilligan and Kohlberg: Implications for Moral Theory. Blum Source: Ethics, 98 (3), 472-491 Vinieris O. (2002) On the feminist theory of care. QCC. Retrieved from http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_12_Feminism/What_is_it.htm