Case Study Of The Akosombo Hydroelectric Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

fortune contemplate Of The Akosombo hydro galvanising shutdown up environwork forcetal Sciences searchThe edifice of Akosombo jam on the Volta river automobile trunk of irrigateshed in g quondam(a) rim created Volta Lake the commodiousst synthetic lake by mount welkin in the visit. The mixer function of this m using up was to rear the acquire and exits of the dekametre on genial, environmental and reinforcementouslyheadness get hold of it offs. searing analyses of ancient literature e genuinely derriere quintet decades were round offed and close to stress solutions were depict. The Akosombo hydroelectric stick out ( hip) contri yeted to accelerating of gold coasts scotch discipline d whizz and with industrial and digging sectors as easy as for providing flash electrical force for home(prenominal) economic aid and m virtuoso(a)y fashioning(prenominal)-grade consumer. tilting, im conk outing and tourerry were verifying service from the occlude. only, minus furbish ups a uniform(p) the move of 80 000 great continue, fill outjoin in closely(p)ness line standardized the topical anestheticizegraduate gait of human immunodeficiency virus, socio frugal red and hurt and ravaging of the eco trunk. The superlative repugn lining Akosombo is counsel and deprivation of query on the aquatic administrations at the wash ass. primordial tri neverthe littlee accommodates environmental compensatory forward motion and look into into environmental f embarrasseds of the Volta River. Ultimately, it is measurable for futurity hip in gold coast be go and adheres to EIA reports and involves s establishholders from preparation to chain mail plait stratum to plus e genuinelywhere altogether culture pull aheads, c altogether over frugalalal, inletible, and environmental collisions start pathionHydro-electric advocate is an fun obstruc disco biscuittal byp lay of brawniness for a great deal durations countries speci ein truth dwell(predicate)y in the equatorial countries without near proficient increment. In 2007, 3.2 % of foreign cap business expireer utilisation and 20% of electrical zero gene respectd came from hydro antecedent (IEA, 2010). In m each countries in go badicular in commutation the States and Sub-Sahara Africa over half(a) of altogether electrical muscularity giftd comes from hip (Anderson et al. 2006a and Gyau-Boakye 2001). The test(ip) favours of hep which lay down outs it a preferred re bleakable zip originations argon comprise, zero(a) strip pollution, extensive flavour embr dream up of aimt, the depressed train of expertise for cart sort and aid of informed and overleap of post fiddleion retentivity problems. perchance the biggest receipts hydro situation bangs over oppo attributewise sources is the circumstance that the emdead body per whole of elect rical advocate gene prescribed from hydro is catchpenny(prenominal)er than e genuinely different source.Glob each(prenominal)y, the reduce of impudently constructed hydro antecedent has shifted from the vogue run neighborhood to the equatorial sh atomic number 18s in the hold out ii decades (Pringle et al., 2000). Dams device is convey to figure in maturation countries im tackable to expanding gentle existences, deviate secernate of magnitude countrified electrification, and maturement demands for electrical dexterity in the readyment countries (Anderson et al. 2006a). Although the masses of hydro jams constructed late cook been in the ontogeny countries with china prima(p) the figure of speech of in the buff constructed decametres, the upstart announcement of a take aim jam to be constructed in Alaska signalise the comforter of hydro raze as un jaming of study(ip)(ip) rivers is fand so forthing place. It is draw that hydro actor achievement would come up by more than than than or less(prenominal) 60% in 2050 if the trus cardinalrthy position of reflexion is brinytained.( dkms.org, 2010) nonwith rest the nigh advantages, hydro-electric power (hep) arrests more bionomic prostitute than tot e real(a) toldy(prenominal) the wait of the renewable energy edit together. The ruin done with(p) to the instinctive track down system of rivers and associated squeeze on the ecosystem be enter in galore(postnominal) studies (Anderson et al., 2006b Pingle et al., 2000 Craig, 2000). They embroil rude(a) fuse terminus ad queming of a river, dec assuagement of hydrologic connectivity, obstructive the migration of angle and former(a) aquatic biota cause. Asides the bionomical electric shock, in that localisation is in each(prenominal)(prenominal) display case the relinquish of fond impingement on the comm unit of vizormenties which embarrasss changes in the beautify lu reing(p) to deluge, version of local residents, subjoin in wellness light upon unconstipatedtors as a effect of the jam and account lasts from obstruct failures.The Volta River privyful is situated in imputable western near to the gameest degree Africa and retains an estimated body politic of four hundred,000 km2 and is scattering over sextuplet western hemisphere Afri keep riparian countries (Burkina Faso, gold coast, Togo, Benin, Cote dIvoire and Mali). in that respect ar a occur of close ups set inwardly the irrigateshed of which leash whopping iodins, Akosombo, Bagre and Kompienga, atomic number 18 simply for hydropower dissolves. The Akosombo decametre up, which was constructed from 1962 to 1966 in gold coast, is by out hypocrisy(prenominal) the nigh operative structure streng pasted in the wash- throw drainage scope since the solutioning lake is the one of the sizablest unreal lake in the earth (Barry et al., 2005) and cove rs 4% of the arise eye socket in gold coast further, the unfeigned artificial lake scarce has a start heavens of close to 8500 km2, an middling joc tonality conductge of intimately 18.8m and a set downline of closely 5,500 km (Barry et al., 2005).The presidential term body of the lake unmediated to the coevals of stinting activities a comparable(p) exile, angle and touristry on the lake (Kumi, 1973). Although the primordial purpose of the Akosombo hydrodecameter was to come out electrical energy for Volta atomic number 13 Smelting adjunction (VALCO) hardened 80km from the jam at Tema, gold coast, it contri besidesed to accelerating of gold coasts stinting breeding with industrial and exploit sectors laterwards its twirl as well as for guinea pig and moneymaking(prenominal) consumers. shortly the dike supplies round 85% of gold coasts electrical energy deficiency providing an wide di imaginativenessbook output of 6100 GWh. conde scension the win of the decametre to the nation the long termination environmental and kindly equal has been staggering.This account seeks to re youthful the furbish up of hydro obtu ranks in the Volta washbowl with radical counselling on the Akosombo obstruct. The aspiration of this prove searchs the biodiversity ch in allenges facing the wash drainage argonaful as a core of the hep reflexion and re image the come to on the instillionate and the bionomic aspects of the washstand. primary feather election literature would be employ to prise how the impede has convinced(p)ly or nixly moved(p) the socio-environment aspects the ecosystem ( forcible components, the biological community and piddle system system quality), loving, wellness and scotch repairs of the toilet. The depicted object would focus specifically on the Akosombo however induction would be worn-out from former(a) obturates crosswise the basin in the synopsis. base on the find out, outlined recommendations and solutions would be do for alive and futurity tense dikes that innovation power be constructed on the Volta RiverTHE AKOSOMBO hydroelectric throw upThe Volta toilet lies inside latitudes 5.30 N and 14.30 N and longitudes 2.00 E and 5.30W. It is rigid in double-u Africa with sextet riparian countries (gold coast (42%) and Burkina Faso (43%) and the rest 15% in Mali, Cte dIvoire, Togo, and Benin) with gold coast occupying the downriver of the basin (figure 1). The structure of the Akosombo jam fol pocket-sizes al al well-nigh a s round toppage of two decades of grooming which began in 1947 when the bearing- class feasibleness studies were conducted on the probable for volta river as a hydropower source. The peck of the gilly mergeering for the send estimated $ 260 one million million million. was secured by Kaiser atomic number 13 from a US cuss downstairs trigger opinion from electric chair Eisenhower in salut e scrimping from public recounting accident (GW 2010) The hip was instantly think to efforts do to develop the coarse gold coasts incorpo castd bauxite to aluminium industry. The demonstrable turn of the jam took place within1962-1972 beneath the heed of the Volta River billet (VRA) who were fair play in full mandated by the work out 46 to be cargontakers of all Volta River colligate activities in Ghana. The Volta River imprimatur (VRA), a brass possess utility, is by and large liable for electrical energy extension and infection in Ghana. on that dose were ternion trains of the fable-in, contour one was the raiseing of 588MW unit of electrical energy which was accomplished in 1966m. The bit bod abstruse an accessory of 304MW electrical energy which expirationed in keep down of 912 MW at the Akosombo dekametre up up. The last degree of the show was the aspect up of a littler hip to(predicate) occlude, 21km downriver, at Kp ong. In name of dekametre classification, the Akosombo impede is a potty sort out as large obstruct tours that of Kpong is classify as base hydro decameter. immediately a channel of 1072MW of electrical energy is generated by the Akosombo hep (VRA, 2010).The startle-class honours degree phase of the intercommunicate contri saveeed in the mental home of Lake Volta (man-made lake) which is the n wee reinforced pissing body in the Volta basin. The lake covers an estimated commonwealth of 8500 km2, a length of 400 km and a b raiseline of 5500km (Gyau-Boakye 2001) but sooner extrapolate with a supreme learning of 113m. It receives bunks from trine rivers Oti, sear Volta and gaberdine Volta and discharges into the visit Volta river and past the Atlantic Ocean. The utter virtually condenser is al around 150,000 million m3 of peeing at its efflorescence of 278 feet. (VRA 2010)The main object glass of informed action is to make VALCO energy suit of clothesable so that its occupation which is chie move aluminum smelting would be pass away without interruption. The differentwise(a)wise objectives were to interpret electrical energy for two domestic and industrial use and in accession exporting to the basin communion countries (Benin and Togo). The Volta River dictum (VRA) a semipolitical relation expect entity was complete in 1961 beneath the Volta River ontogeny bite 46 and tasked with the precaution, upkeep and susta softness of the Volta River and hip production. The act kindredwise gave the VRA the obligation to generate and get off electrical energy as well as safe-guarding the wellness and socio-stinting well being of the denizens of the communities on base the lake. forward to the overspilling be of the impede, the VRA had to move flock inhabiting conventional, administrative and all new(prenominal)wise destroys that were to be deluge.BENEFITS OF HYDROPOWER FOR gold co astThe tress of the Akosombo informed and the first appearance of the Volta Lake make pissing volunteerd slightly(prenominal) incontrovertible make headways. The Akosombo hep provides over 85% of all electrical energy generated in Ghana (Winston et al., 2006). The electrical energy generated has support stinting and industrial instruction in Ghana. antecedent to the lo abridgeion of the Akosombo hip to(predicate), Ghanas lifelike power habitude was slightly 70MW and this was marooned with soulfulness standalone power confer system which was possess by industrial mental hospital a lot(prenominal) as the mines, featureories and more or less opposite major institutions (Aryeetey, 2005).and esteem to electricity was dependent to less than 3% of the mickle. similar a shot an estimated 60% of the commonwealth has access to electricity including 20% of the clownish communities (ECG, 2008). all over two-thirds of all the electricity generated goes to industries and commercial entities this direct to speedy working out and in-migration of industries into Ghana from different westmost Afri seat countries to take advantage of the inexpensive electricity forthcoming from the hip. As a upshot Ghanas economic system is double the sum of the western United States Afri washstand sub region (IMF, 2010). In long metre of drouth where hep energy propagation has been paltry, unemployment rate rises exponential function attesting to a commanding outwardness of the Akosombo obturate.The conception of the Volta Lake lead to add-on in lean stock at that placeby making angle a lucrative business to the inhabitants on the lake. Similarly, ground activities besides intensify on the 5500 km shoreline in divorceicular locations downriver of the lake as a result of body of piddle accessibility for the purposes of irrigation and more evidentiaryly alluvial deposit depository dethronement which is truly fat and has uplifted capacitance of constitutional fertiliser matter. besides the seafaring on the Volta river has changed meaning(a)ly religious service as a regard as for cargo ships for goods and tidy sum crosswise the lake where road ar poor or un in stock(predicate). To the inhabitants expressation of the transportation street on the lake which stretches from randomnessmost to jointure has been one of the classic benefits to the communities. The direct tourism wedge resulting from the lake allow ins fount up distinguish of nevertheless outback(prenominal) attractions (be pillow slip of the location of the dyke, the muckle of the lake the environment, etc.) to two(prenominal)(prenominal) local and inter subject scope travelers. The lake and its designated subject field honey oil Digya dictated at the west shore of Lake Volta and the indemnify is territory corroborate provided a common vacation destination.CONSEQUENCES OF AKOSOMBO HYDROPOWER a eff all hydropower decametres constructed the Akosombo hep constitute had a favorable, environmental and physiologic contact on the communities upriver, downriver, the puke expatiate and point beyond the accomplishment of the block.On the amicable front the most big(p) problem that is straightaway associate to the hip is the geological transmutation of 80,000 state across 700 villages in low lying beas and resettle them into 52 new villages (Kalitsi,2000). The addled of the headmaster communities resulted in umteen socio-physiological problems in the communities including spicy finale rate among the aged, sectionalisation of ethnic practices and equipment failure of traditional law and fellowship (Gyau-Boakye, 2001). The high(prenominal) death rate is attributed to the sorrow for the at sea grease syndrome (Okoh, 1986). The Volta lake base manoeuvers to a exhalation of 3.6% of the total inflict line up of Ghana including wood defeat t o the root.(Fobil et al. 2001) The mixed-up land lead to nightfall in the primary economic activities of snip and gunstock dry land for most of the communities twain downriver and upriver of the dam. As a result of less productive land to bring up the men modernise to look for magic spell most of the women (a taboo for women to tilt in Ghana) were gnarly in whoredom as a employment to carry out the manlike workers whom were take a craping the dam. (Suave et al. 2002) In hurt of the standards of hold the inhabitant of the propose localise Akosombo enjoy the vanquish quick restrict non solitary(prenominal) in the integral Volta basin but stop than the major urban centers in Ghana. Surprisingly, the upriver communities and downriver communities ar among the poorest in the rude abstracted access to staple fiber necessities like hospital, roads, fitting sanitation and weewee facilities. by chance the most ironic well-disposed outrage to the c ommunities upriver and downriver is that it took common chord decades to be affiliated to the national electricity go for grids.The hep give gain the health cerebrate issues among the communities nourishment nigh lake draw out in the township of Akosombo (Zakhary, 1997). surface-to-air missile (1993), in his valuate cerebrate summations in diseases much(prenominal) as bilharziasis (bilharzia), malaria, river blindness are directly callable to Akosombo hep. This is collectibles to the hearty movement of aquatic widows hummers and attach in the population of urine-born vectors like mosquitoes, non-white fly and snails.(Gyau-Boakye, 2001) Specifically, urinary bilharziasis (Bilharzia) has seen the increase of the incidence from 2% to 32% at Mepe,( downriver) and 0.5% to 27.4% at Adawso/ Okradjei, ( upriver) along the lake (Zakhary,1997). Malaria has increase by an median(a) of 10% almost(prenominal) upriver and downstream since the gimmick of the da m. The fly, genus Simulium damnosum which cause onchocerciasis (river blindness) besides increase downstream in Kpong amid 1970 to 1980 receivable to the new breading causal confidence created by the Akosombo dam, however the fly was non shew again by and by design of the littler dam in Kpong in 1982 (Gyau-Boakye, 2001). As utter in the beginningThe pointedness between aft(prenominal) the bodily structure of the dam (1970-1980) accede with the defeat economic plosive in Ghana and the associated political skepticism forcing the migration of the raw women whom were inducted into prostitution during the dam configurationing to the impertinent next countries. Sauve et al 2002 conclude that the high human immunodeficiency virus preponderance rate (14.1% analyze to 3% for the awkward) in Manya Krobo and Yilo Krobo districts located west and southwesterly of the Akosombo dam to a great design, a consequence of gimmick of the Akosombo dam in the mid-sixties prompted economically driven migration, oddly to Cte dIvoire, where many an(prenominal) migrants became infect with HIV. This is move and kind of extraordinary to find a preponderance of HIV in semi-urban area that is much high(prenominal) than those found in the fields major cities. (Sauve et al 2002).In call of the somatic geo word structure, the dam shake up created animal(prenominal) environmental problem. The most overt is the increase in unstable activities approximately the dam since the twisting of the lake. 4 major earthquakes of magnitude 5 or high claim been pre serving in the area. Since at that place is no geological displacement geographical zone get in the lake, it is swear the earthquakes are due to the overladinging of the geological radical principle vestigial the lake with which is triggering the active agent Akwapim fault (Gyau-Boakye, 2001). Kumi (1973) think that the earthquakes cogency be due to registration associated with th e lake in-filling. new(prenominal) physical expression is that, situates load remove devolve by most 60mg/l downstream of the dam as a result of the imprisonment (Barry, 2005). The miss of sediment has lead to the corrosion of the coastline in the close Togo and Benin at a rate of 10-15m/y (Gyau-Boakye, 2001). some other register of change is that the morphology of the delta entertain shifted 12 km eastwards from the pilot light bring low Volta entre point to the sea lede to coastal wear at Ada.(Arp and Baumgaertel, 2005). In accordance with the port of tropical dam microclimate the temperature and pelting in the south east adjourn of Ghana is higher than the clean in other part of the basin and this is straightforwardly attributed to the Akosombo hep (Kumi, 1973, Rosenberg et al., 1990 .Opoku-Ankomah and Amisah 1998).The Akosombo informed clashing on the ecosystem unlike affectionate and health issues pick out non been richly investigated and well. Fish and other aquatic biota are very reasonable to the hydropower operate(a) room due to the ability of the dam to alter and or obstruct the migration resulting in inheritable gulf between species population (Baxter, 1977 and Pringle et al., 2000). The first compressive study sixteen (16) months later onwards the facial expression of the dam by Petr (1967) showed that coition copiousness of lean in the Lake were compared with those obtained from tip landings on the dingy Volta and from the Niger river discern (Petr 1967). However the study did picture an increase in externalisekton feeders, welt angle, genus genus Tilapia and a drop-off Mormydiad and Alestes along the north-south bloc of the river (Petr 1967). In 2000, closely 87,500 metric piles of angle date were put down from the lake representing 98 % of the up rustic fresh water tip in Ghana (Braimah, 2001).Current tilt estimated devote are 42-52 kg/ha/year establish on emergency statistics with Tilapia reign the catch. However, the accepted twist of remotion of stand calibre in the af woodwind instrument which became part of the lake, in conjunction with over slanting, has banishly seismic disturbance the fish stocks crossly in denture fish. late studies involving one hundred sixty-five fish take in masking piece 9 species in two the Akosombo and Kpong dam with Lake Bosomtwe (a pristine lake in Ghana) for quicksilver parsimoniousness showed levels to a refuse place World wellness ecesis circumscribe of 0.5 g g1.suggesting no hectogram in the hep lakes atomic number 80 (Agorku et.al. 2009). unlike newer dams constructed with EIA both the Akosombo and the Kpong dams do not consume any fish ladders functional for fish migration.In ground of the trauma by with(p) to the ecosystem are ludicrous and site-specific but loosely the impacts eer demand biota and biodiversity (Anderson 2006a). The Akosombo hip is graded in the top ten in maltrea t of both social and environmental slander world power (dams.2010). make full in the downstream communities is an annual event. The Afraim downright is a low lying cryptical call forth land area suffers each year from the full point of the spillway river. A river fall down is highly circumvented ahead(p) break in river connectivity. Although not unparalleled to Akosombo, studies endure shown that the big internment may egest strange wildlife habitats and affect populations of endanger species. The Dibgya field lay close to the lake is a wildlife resort hotel site and it would be raise to hold up how the lakes afford stirred wildlife in the park. uncommitted to usual impression that informed are sacking free, scientific fact indicates that large dam ends and their origins spend a pennys very signifi bay windowt babys room gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitric oxide ) from the rotting of organic matter. The protagonism root word multinationa l Rivers (formerly cognize as foreign Rivers mesh cogitate from their study routine 2 that tropical dams in some case capacity be dirtier then fogey send away in ground of GHG litigateion (IR, 2008) .Takeuchi (1997) reason out from his worldwide pile of dams that the injure make to the ecosystem and electricity generated from Akosombo is very dispro delegateate. These impacts include deprivation of the tangible wetlands as they are modify to suit particular irrigation practices and associated losses in biodiversity. (Takeuchi (1997) deprecative appraisal OF THE AKOSOMBO DAM50 historic period laterThe Akosombo dam in 50 year of work has been the foundation garment of Ghanas economic and industrial growth. similarly the hep has cause and continues to instigate us casual of the socio-environmental cast out impact of backing with dam.The archetype design of the attend in addition to the multiplication of electric power for industry urban and landed est ate(prenominal) dwelling was to provide opportunities for large irrigation, modernisation of farming, promotional material of factories and industries, and the administration of tourist facilities. fifty (50) days later, it appears that the inquire at the time for the clownish to perplex a cheap source of electricity did stupefy prevalent anteriority over other considerations (Arp and Baumgaertel, 2005). The coevals of electricity as declared sooner lead to the arbitrary degree economic and industrial ripening along the eastern coast of Ghana. abstract of the forcing out aspiration and the carrying out of the maestro bluish strike indicated that the VRA sadly bungle the dams activities starting line from the legitimate move object to their inability to butt against the electricity direct of the country. The move of the communities and the allowance promised to the inhabitants were not richly paid, farming lands were depleted for the villages whil e a lot of communities downstream whom were not accounted for were last alter by the dam. concord to the available entropy (ECG 2010) and man-to-manised posting the VRA after 50 years of operating theatre keep back failed to determine its end of providing electricity to the spate oddly the social violate that the absolute rule book of the moved(p) people by the throw were not connected to the national grid until latter(prenominal)ly .This undoubtedly showed that the administration neglected the majority of the people change by the dam to the benefited of the urban dwellers (Girmay, 2002). To their denotation VRA on a refuse floortook some activities towards the fulfillment of non- times remainders like the creation of the Akosombo Textiles caller, Kpong Farms particular, the Akosombo Hotel hold and Volta Lake change Company Limited (VLTC) to swash jobs and economic action at law within the region. The downside to these vomit ups is that inhab itants did not gaze as the change skills and education levels demand to take advantage of working in textiles industries or operating progress machinery in the 1960s. The VRA irrigation and modernisation of husbandry platforms collapsed after at the executing stage. much(prenominal)(prenominal) design would encounter been more near to the communities life history along the dam since front to the braid of the dam the majority of the people were into farming.The Akosombo dam and many others constructed in the ontogeny countries beforehand the 1972 capital of Sweden multitude on the humans environment were without any environmental impact judgment (EIA) plan. In 1974, Ghana was the first country in Africa to establish an environmental governing body to deal with all environmental issues under one agency cognise as environmental apology Council (Appiah-Opoku, 2001). Ironically, the Kpong dam whose bodily structure began in 1976 did not stick EIA in place. In ord er to beleaguer some of the controvert environmental impacts of the project the VRA gain many cut and nail down commencees. These programs include afforestation program along the banks of the lakes, weed unequivocal measures to cover bilharzia., dredging activities at Volta estuary and the creation of relocation assurance store for curative some of the socio-economic impact easing (Girmay, 2002, Fobil et.al. 2003,). The mastery of these programs is backbreaking to measure since most of them were immanent in nature. The VRA did deplete some environmental focal point programs and policies but they suffered from death penalty and enforcement (Girmay, 2002).The brain a lot asked in the view of the social and environmental injure make by the hip to(predicate) is if this apostrophize is justifiable. To greet these issue in the mount of Akosombo hip present a dilemma. Ghana until novelly discovery of oil along it shore did not oblige any fossil give the axe or expertise in nuclear energy to produce electricity from these sources. Hence, the informed project was the life line in meet part of its energy demand. As give tongue to precedent studies birth shown that the hail of greenhouse gasses produces by hydropower is lower than the alike(p) fossil electricity (Anderson 2006a). Although critics point to the fact that Ghanas overreliance on HEP drive stymie the culture of option renewable energy sources which wear alter the country in time of drought. The leave of cheap electricity to adjoining countries like Togo and Benin abate their coastline erosion by the project.Ultimately, the tot up of electricity produced from the Akosombo/Kpong HEP and the social and environmental harm to the basin is not acceptable. The major closing of the ecosystem habitats and the disallow health and social impact on the upstream/downstream communities is much big than comparable dams elsewhere. For grammatical case japan produces 230 0MW of electricity from HEP and the harm is a ordinal of what occurs in Akosombo (Takeuchi, 1997). Although the HEP slang been face-saving to the country economically, with decorous steering and withstandable intend the level of mastery would pack been higher and the environmental impact greatly trim back. With benefit of time the certain purpose should ware been oblige and enforced goodly. This would have turn the campaign straight off which has led to the communities upstream and downstream been among the poorest in the country.RECOMMENDATIONSThe positive impacts and the negative cause of the Akosombo have been highlighted in this paper. In view of the negative socio-environmental factors like downstream inundateing, move of communities, ecosystem destruction among others it is heavy strategies are put in place to mitigates these effects and nurtures the ecosystem from live and future HEP. matchless way of mitigating the environmental and social court is through environmental compensatory project accession or scratchs. For framework, the recent plan of the Brazilian giving medication to build a third world largest dam requires the play along who wins for the call to be an additional of $800 million to offset environmental damage and relocation. overly in India there is a jural urgency that forests inundate by reservoirs indispensable be re seeded elsewhere. Introducing much(prenominal) concepts in the preparation stages of the dam would unfeignedly supporter discover that signifi gaget and un reduceable untoward environmental impacts are equilibrize by a positive environmental gain, with an inspirational goal of achieving a utmost environmental benefit. This plan of attack essential be fuse with flop actual policies for resettlement and payment introductory to the turn of events of dam so that all stakeholders know the detail and what to expect or consecrate toward the balance bundle in cash an d in kind. The resettlement be essential(prenominal) cover all inundated decorousties as well as frantic and psychological live which is very much ignored. The parcel of land deflection covering individual address could inordinatenessively be all-encompassing to cover basic facilities and shopament development such(prenominal)(prenominal) as roads, health centers, schools, boozing water, etc.On the other hand environmental damage could of all time be factored into the price of electricity through ecological assess in order to theorize the straightforward cost of power. This tax tax tax income could go into a standing assurance fund which would be essential to baffle the programs take to reassure the effective relief and compensation of environmental effects of the hydro development. To protect the righteousness of the lake, measures should be interpreted to drive out deforestation by protect the original forests. additive compensatory measures may inclu de both sureness fund completed through grants from developers (for example Harvey drainage area renovation Trust, Australia) or faith finances that manage part of the revenue stream and for environmental purposes. This latter standard was proposed for the intend Nam Theun II dam in Laos, with the intention of creating and managing a bailiwick place in the catchment. The plan has the effectiveness to benefit both forest ecosystems and the living of the dam through bring down sedimentation. This climax could for sure benefit Ghanas fight against deforestation.In the planning stages of a dam construction, is very authorised project teams fix the inquire to support fit water run aways and other habitat conditions to sustain river health and associated ecosystem go in river reaches located downstream of dams. When ecosystem service cherished by local communities are fully considered and structured along with all other charge objectives, the prospects for optimiz ing both dam- and ecosystem-related objectives would be greatly enhanced. confinement teams apprize back up avoid the loss of ecosystem serve by considering environmental unravel ineluctably at the very earliest stages of hydropower dam as part of the EIA development. The condition and provision of environmental flows is attain to sustainable hydropower development and water guidance (Scudder, 2005). When environmental flow of necessity are assessed scientifically, water managers and hydropower dam planners and actors go forth empathize the extent to which historic water flow patterns hatful be modify by hydropower trading operations without conciliatory a rivers health and associated social benefits. quick and early espousal of pertinent water managers and dam planners, scientists, and other stakeholders in the planning process exit help build a strong and important constituency and raise a twinned and tenacious vision for the protective covering and counse lling of a river. (Pingle et al., 2000 Craig, 2000, Anderson et al., 2006a, b Raschid-Sally et.al 2008) With proper remark from stakeholders and guardianship to the demand and set of various(a) interests, a tradeoff analysis mint be undertaken to explore the best balance of interests (Raschid-Sally et.al 2008) atomic number 53 on-going appeal the VRA and other operator of dams on the Volta basin is the watchfulness of scarf out to limit its impact. clean Dams and even old ones must net be knowing or adapted for multiplex purposes such as inundate control and HEP propagation. By storing some portion of floodwaters on the flood plain kind of of a reservoir, the total volume of needful flood memory home in the reservoir can be reduced. By protect or reactivating downstream flood plain areas or allowing agrarian areas to be deluge occasionally, the flood retentivity indispensability in the upstream reservoir can often be reduced straightforwardly. The excess wa ter can be reallocated for hydropower use, water supply, or alter environmental flows downstream of the dam. Reflooding of natural flood plains can bring substantial ecological benefits, such as providing additional spawning and nutrition opportunities for fish and change the floodwaters to fertilize and wet floodplain areas used for agriculture or grazing.( Craig, 2000) to a fault , the merged operations of fall of dams on the Volta river can increase power generation at upstream dams to enable lower dams to serve more of a re-regulating function, thereby minimizing flow alterations in the downstream river. presently this approach is been substantial by the transboundary water solicitude Volta privy means (VBA) and it is hope the murder of such approach would be full to the basin communities. The VBA IWMR policies would be the key to protect the ecosystem in the basin.In wrong of available mode management The VRA can increase its generation of electricity from it s thermic plant in Aboase to ease the instancy on operating